Exploring
Colonial Mexico©
Exploring
Colonial Mexico©
Colonial Corners of Guanajuato
Mexico abounds with significant
historic sites - some celebrated and elaborately preserved, others
neglected and virtually forgotten. In Guanajuato, the "Cradle
of Independence", both kinds are to be found. While the former
attract many visitors,* few encounter the latter. We visited
one of these out-of-the-way, neglected sites recently, still a
place of authentic character and nostalgic melancholy.
Located some 25 kms SW of the city of Guanajuato, just off the
main Highway 45, the former Hacienda of San José de
Llanos, originally known as La Hacienda de Burras,
was one of the first great rural estates acquired by the silver
magnate José
de Sardaneta in the 1700s. Initially devoted
to cattle raising and agriculture, primarily to support the needs
of his family and the mining community of Mineral de Rayas, this
extensive hacienda later became a strategic storage and staging
area.
As part of the vertical
integration of mining operations carried out by Don José's
son, the first Marqués de Rayas, this expanded hacienda
de beneficio was the site of a company store and most importantly,
an arrastre or innovative mule-driven stamping mill and
refining facility to process silver ore, which may have given
the hacienda its name, thus keeping this profitable aspect of
mining under family control and substantially contributing to
revenues.
The Hacienda Chapel
Originally dedicated to San Antonio de Padua, the modest 17th
century chapel was rebuilt in the late 1700s and re-dedicated
to San José, the namesake of the hacienda owner. A statue
of the saint still rests in the niche above the doorway.
The chapel played a historic part in the saga of Mexican Independence:
In September 1810, following the Grito de Dolores at nearby
Dolores Hidalgo, Father Miguel Hidalgo led his ragtag
army towards the key city of Guanajuato. Before the final assault,
his troops were quartered at the hacienda, from where he sent
an ultimatum (see below) to his former friend and liberal sympathizer,
the Spanish intendente, Juan Antonio Riaño,
who had withdrawn to the city stronghold of Alhóndiga
de Granaditas* with 500 troops and many Spanish residents
of the city. Before leaving the hacienda, Father Hidalgo celebrated
an open air mass in the chapel patio. After a costly and bloody
battle, the 20,000 strong insurgent force, coincidentally aided
by a Rayas miner now famous as El Pípila, stormed
the redoubt and killed all the defenders including Riaño.
Following the capture and execution of Hidalgo and his general Ignacio Allende a few months later at the hands of Royalist troops, the severed heads of the insurgent leaders were hung in baskets from the Alhóndiga walls. After Independence in 1821, the skulls were brought back to the hacienda chapel where the second Marqués de Rayas, a patriot and signer of the Mexican Declaration of Independence, ordered a requiem mass said in their memory.
Today, what is left of the main hacienda building is being used as a school, conserving some of the handsome original arcading and now happily, serving a worthy social purpose. Despite its historic role in Mexican history, the abandoned chapel has fared less well. The roof and tower have gone and only the much altered lateral facade and part of the atrial wall remain - in a poor state of preservation despite heavy-handed stabilization measures carried out some years ago.
Especially poignant
is the battered, armless statue of Father Hidalgo that still stands,
its paint peeling, on an unmarked pedestal in front of the chapel
- all that is left to remind the visitor of the role played by
this former colonial hacienda in the turbulent pageant of Mexican
history. >
Headquarters: The Hacienda de Burras,
28th of September, 1810.
The numerous army that I command chose me in the fields of Celaya to be Commander in Chief and Protector of the Nation. That same city, in the presence of fifty thousand men, ratified this election, as have all the places through which I have passed.
I thus wish to inform your Excellency that I am legitimately authorized by my Nation to pursue such ends that I deem necessary for its benefit. These are equally useful and favorable both to Americans and Europeans [Spaniards] that have seen fit to reside in this kingdom, and simply proclaim the independence and the freedom of the Nation.
As a consequence, I do not view the European as an enemy, but only as an obstacle to the success of our enterprise. I charge your Excellency to present these ideas to those Europeans that are gathered in the Alhóndiga so that they may either declare themselves enemies or, if they choose, remain as our prisoners and receive humane and benign treatment - as do all those in our company - until freedom and independence are achieved, in which case they will become citizens, with the right to the restitution of such goods and possessions that, for the exigencies of the Nation, we have thus far appropriated.
If, on the contrary, they will not accede to this request, I will apply all the force necessary to destroy them, without hope of sanctuary.
May God keep your Excellency many years, as so wishes your obedient servant,
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.
Captain General of America
- text, pictures and translation ©2003 by Richard D. Perry. All rights reserved. Please acknowledge if reproduced.
- *The Alhóndiga de Granaditas is a prime example of the first kind of Mexican monument, now lavishly restored as a history museum with a focus on the Independence era, and decorated with colorful Revolutionary era murals by local artist José Chávez Morado.
- see our page on the Temple of Rayas
- For more information on the colonial buildings and art treasures of Guanajuato consult our guide Blue Lakes & Silver Cities
- For additional information on other colonial haciendas of Guanajuato check out the Ruelsa website or consult the recent book, Haciendas de Guanajuato, by the distinguished regional historian Isauro Rionda Arreguín (Ediciones La Rana 2001)
VISIT THIS WEBSITE AGAIN FOR FUTURE PAGES ON THE CORNERS OF COLONIAL GUANAJUATO
